Upon completion of the information on biochemistry 
the student will be able to:

1. explain how carbohydrates can be recognized by their molecular formulae.
2. recognizethe structural formula of glucose.
3. recognize the formulae and explain the difference between 
    monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
4. explain how disaccharides and polysaccharides can be synthesized from monosaccharides.
5. list some uses for simple sugars (monosaccharides), disaccharides, and polysaccharides 
    in living things.
6. list two examples of monosaccharides.
7. list three examples of disaccharides and their specific uses.
8. list three examples of polysaccharides and their specific uses.
9. define and explain the difference between a hydrolysis reaction and a dehydration 
    synthesis reaction.
10. explain how lipids are classified.
11. recognize that oils and waxes are lipids and explain the basic difference between them.
12. explain the basic differences in structure and function between neutral fats, phospholipids, 
and steroid compounds.
13. describe the basic structure of proteins and recognize that these are formed from amino acid subunits.
14. recognize that twenty different kinds of amino acids exist and that these amino acids are 
different because they have different side chains or groups.
15. describe the basic structure of an amino acid.
16. list several functions of amino acids essential to living things.
17. distinguish between the following levels of protein structure; primary, secondary, 
tertiary, and quaternary.
18. state two different nucleic acids.
19. recognize that nucleic acids are formed from nucleotide subunits.
20. describe the basic structure of a nucleotide.
21. explain the difference between purines and pyrimidines and list the examples of these.
22. discuss complementary base pairing in DNA and RNA and realize these are linked by weak hydrogen bonds.
23. describe the structure of the DNA molecule.
24. list the chief differences in structure between DNA and RNA.
25. explain the role of catabolic and anabolic pathways
in the energy exchanges of cellular metabolism.
27. distinguish between kinetic and potential energy.
28. explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics.
29. explain why highly ordered living systems do not
violate the second law of thermodynamics.
30. distinguish between the terms entropy and enthalpy.
31. write the Gibbs equation for free energy change 
and explain this equation.
32. explain and correctly construct potential energy diagrams
for endothermic and exothermic reactions.
33. distinguish between exergonic and endergonic reactions.
34. describe the influence of enzymes on chemical reactions
and represent this influence on a potential energy diagram.
35. describe the basic structure of an enzyme.
36. define the terms substrate and active site.
37. describe the lock and key hypothesis of enzyme 
function and explain why this hypothesis is no 
longer considered correct.
38. describe the induced fit hypothesis of enzyme 
function.
39. explain what allosteric effects are in relation 
to enzyme function.
40. recognize that most enzymes function best at a
neutral pH and explain why this is so.
41. recognize the effects of temperature on the 
function of most enzymes and relate these 
effects to the kinetic molecular theory when 
appropriate.
42. define the term denaturization.
43. recognize the effects when a fixed amount of 
enzyme is placed with an excess of substrate 
and explain why these effects occur.
44. recognize the effects when a fixed amount of 
substrate is placed with an excess of enzyme 
and explain why these effects occur.
45. describe the role of coenzymes and cofactors in 
relation to the structure and function of 
enzymes.
46. explain how enzyme activity can be regulated by
environmental conditions, cofactors, enzyme 
inhibitors, and allosteric regulators.
47. distinguish between allosteric activation and
cooperativity.
48. explain how metabolic pathways are regulated.