Upon the completion of the textbook reading and class discussion, the student will be able to:

Chapter 22 Campbell

1.   State the two major points Darwin made in The Origin of Species concerning
      the Earth's biota.
2.   Describe Carolus Linnaeus' contribution to Darwin's theory of evolution.
3.   Explain the concept of catastrophism.
4.   Explain how the principle of gradualism and Charles Lyell's theory of
      uniformitarianism influenced Darwin's ideas about evolution.
5.   Describe Jean Baptiste Lamarck's model for how adaptations evolve.
6.   Describe how Charles Darwin used his observations from the voyage of the HMS Beagle
      to formulate and support his theory of evolution.
7.   Describe how Alfred Russel Wallace influenced Charles Darwin.
8.   Describe Darwin's theory of natural selection.
9.   Explain what evidence convinced Darwin that species change over time.
10. Explain why variation was so important to Darwin's theory.
11. Explain how Reverend Thomas Malthus' essay influenced Charles Darwin.
12. Distinguish between artificial selection and natural selection.
13. Explain why the population is the basic unit of evolution.

Chapter 23 Campbell

14. Explain how microevolutionary change can affect a gene pool.
15. State the Hardy-Weinberg theorem.
16. Write the general Hardy-Weinberg equation and use it to calculate allele and genotype
      frequencies.
17. Explain the consequences of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
18. Describe the usefulness of the Hardy-Weinberg model to population geneticists.
19. List the conditions a population must meet in order to maintain Hardy-Weinberg
      equilibrium.
20. Explain how genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, nonrandom mating and natural
      selection can cause microevolution.
21. Explain the role of population size in genetic drift.
22. Distinguish between the bottleneck effect and the founder effect.
23. Describe the technique of electrophoresis and explain how it has been used to measure
      genetic variation within and between populations.
24. List some factors that can produce geographical variation among closely related
      populations.
25. Explain why even though mutation can be a source of genetic variability, it contributes
      a negligible amount to genetic variation in a population.
26. Give the cause of nearly all genetic variation in a population.
27. Explain the concept of relative fitness and its role in adaptive evolution.
28. Explain why the rate of decline for a deleterious allele depends upon whether the allele
      is dominant or recessive to the more successful allele.
29. Describe what selection acts on and what factors contribute to the overall fitness of a
      genotype.
30. Give examples of how an organism's phenotype may be influenced by the environment.
31. Distinguish among stabilizing selection, directional selection and diversifying selection.
32. Define sexual dimorphism and explain how it can influence evolutionary change

Chapter 24 Campbell

33. Explain what is meant by cladogenesis.
34. Define biological species (E. Mayr).
35. Explain how gene flow between closely related species can be prevented.
36. Distinguish between prezygotic and postzygotic isolating mechanisms.
37. Describe three prezygotic isolating mechanisms and give an example of each.
38. Explain why many hybrids are sterile.
39. Distinguish between allopatric and sympatric speciation.
40. Explain the allopatric speciation model and describe the role of
      intraspecific variation and geographical isolation.
41. Define sympatric speciation and explain how polyploidy can cause reproductive isolation.
42. List some points of agreement and disagreement between the two schools of thought about
      the tempo of speciation (gradualism vs. punctuated equilibrium).

Chapter 25 Campbell

43. Explain the importance of the fossil record to the study of evolution.
44. Describe how fossils form.
45. Distinguish between relative dating and absolute dating.
46. Explain how isotopes can be used in absolute dating.
47. Explain how continental drift may have played a role in history of life.
48. Explain the concept of adaptive radiation..
49. Explain how mass extinctions could occur and affect evolution of surviving forms.
50. List the major taxonomic categories from the most to least inclusive.
51. Explain why it is important when constructing a phylogeny to distinguish between
      homologous and analogous character traits.
52. Distinguish between homologous and analogous structures.
53. Describe how cladistic analysis may be used to determine branches on phylogenetic trees.

Chapter 26 Campbell

54. Describe the contributions that A.I. Oparin, J.B.S. Haldane, Stanley Miller and Harold
     Urey made towards developing a model for abiotic synthesis of organic molecules.
55. Provide plausible evidence to support the hypothesis that chemical evolution resulting
      in life's origin occurred in four stages:
      a. Abiotic synthesis of organic monomers
      b. Abiotic synthesis of polymers
      c. Formation of protobionts
      d. Origin of genetic information
56. Describe the basis for Whittaker's five-kingdom system.
57. Describe three alternatives to the five-kingdom system and explain the rationale
      for each.