3. Mendel developed his basic principles of heredity by (1.) microscopic study of
    chromosomes and genes (2.) mathematical analysis of the offspring of pea plants
    (3.) breeding experiments with drosophila  (4.) ultracentrifugation studies of cell organelles

4. Mendel developed the basic principles of heredity by (1.) examining chromosomes
    with microscopes  (2.) analyzing large numbers of offspring  (3.) using x rays to
    induce mutations  (4.) observing crossing-over during meiosis

5. Using the results of his experiments with pea plant crosses, Gregor Mendel discovered
    (1.) the principles of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment
    (2.) intermediate inheritance and gene linkage
    (3.) that pea plants develop mutations after exposure to radiation
    (4.) that DNA is involved in the inheritance of dominant traits
 
6. In pea plants, the long-stem trait (L) is dominant and the short-stem train (l) is recessive.
    Two pea plants were crossed, producing seeds that yielded 165 long-stem plants and
    54 short-stem plants. The genotypes of the parent plants were most likely
    (1.)  Ll and LL   (2.) Ll and Ll  (3.) ll and ll  (4.) LL and ll
 
7. In guinea pigs, black fur (B) is dominant over white fur (b) and rough fur (R) is dominant
    over smooth fur (r). A cross between two guinea pigs hybrid for both traits
    (BbRr x BbRr) produces some offspring that have rough, black fur and some that have
    smooth, black fur. The genotypes of these offspring illustrate the genetic concept of
    (1.) intermediate inheritance  (2.) multiple alleles  (3.) independent assortment
    (4.) codominance

8. All of the offspring produced in a cross involving a brown mink and a silver-blue mink
    are brown. When these brown mink offspring were crossed with each other, the ratio of
    brown to silver blue was 3:1. The results of these crosses are best explained by
    (1.) independent assortment and crossing-over
    (2.) codominance, segregation, and recombination
    (3.) dominance, segregation, and recombination
    (4.) recombination and intermediate inheritance

9. Pea plants heterozygous for both height and color of seed coat (TtYy) were crossed with
    pea plants that were homozygous recessive for both traits (ttyy). The offspring from this
    cross included tall plants with green seeds, tall plants with yellow seeds, short plants with
    green seeds, and short plants with yellow seeds This cross best illustrates
    (1.) gene mutation  (2.) independent assortment of.chromosomes
    (3.) environmental influence on heredity  (4.) intermediate inheritance

10. In raccoons, a dark face mask is dominant over a bleached face mask. Several crosses
      were made between raccoons that were heterozygous for dark face mask and raccoons
      that were homozygous for bleached face mask. What percentage of the offspring would
      be expected to have a dark face mask?  (1.) 0%  (2.) 50%  (3.) 75%  (4.) 100%
 
11. When two heterozygous tall plants are crossed, some short plants appear in the offspring.
      The appearance of these short plants illustrates
      (1.) segregation and recombination  (2.)  intermediate inheritance
      (3.) crossing-over and differentiation  (4.) codominant inheritance
 
12. In squirrels, the gene for gray fur (G) is dominant over the gene for black fur (g). If 50%
      of a large litter of squirrels are gray, the parental cross that produced this litter was most likely
      (1.) GG x Gg  (2.) Gg x gg   (3.) GG x GG   (4.) gg x gg

13. In a certain variety of chicken, the genes for black feather color and the genes for
      white feather color are codominant. This variety of chicken will most likely have
      (1.) three possible phenotypes for feather color  (2.) only two genotypes for feather color
      (3.) white feather color, only   (4.) black feather color, only

14. In a certain species of mouse, gray fur (G) is dominant over cream-colored fur (g).
      If a homozygous gray mouse is crossed with a cream-colored mouse, the genotype of the
      F1 generation will most likely be   (1.) 100% Gg  (2.) 25% GG, 50% Gg, and 25% gg
      (3.) 50% GG and 50% gg  (4.) 75% Gg and 25% gg

15. Which two processes are best represented by the diagram shown?

(1.) recombination and codominance   (2.) segregation and recombination
(3.) segregation and intermediate inheritance   (4.) codominance and gene linkage

16.  Kernel color in corn is a trait determined by two alleles. The dominant allele (P) produces
       a purple color, and the recessive allele (p) produces a yellow color. The
       diagram below shows an ear of corn produced by crossing two corn plants.
       The shaded kernels are purple, and the unshaded ones are yellow.

The yellow kernels can best be described as   (1.) homozygous dominant  (2.) hybrid
(3.) heterozygous  (4.) homozygous recessive

Completion Section

1.  Another name for a pure genotype like TT or tt is ________________.

2.  Another name for hybrid offspring like Tt is _________________.

3.  The genetic makeup of an organism is called its _______________.

4.  The appearance of an organism is also called its _________________.

5.  The offspring of a cross are called its ___________________.

Free Response Section

1.  Explain why the Law of Segregation and Recombination supports the idea that one-half the
     genetic material coming into a zygote (which will become a new sexually reproduced individual)
     must come from each parent.

2.  Briefly state each of Mendel's Laws and explain what they mean.

Now hopefully some correct answers!  Send comments or information about suspected errors to jbuckley@ekcs.neric.org

Multiple Choice Answers

1.    3
2.    1
3.    2
4.    2
5.    1
6.    2
7.    3
8.    3
9.    2
10.    2
11.    1
12.    2
13.    1
14.    1
15.    2
16.    4

Completion Section Answers

1.    homozygous
2.    heterozygous
3.    genotype
4.    phenotype
5.    progeny or F-1 generation

Free-Response Answers

1.  Segregation involves the halving of the genetic material that occurs when gametes
     are formed in meiosis.   Recombination involves the process of fertilization when this
     genetic material is put back together.   This genetic material comes in equal amount
     from both parents.

2.  Law of Dominance -- when two contrasting traits are crossed in pure form, one trait
     always appears

    Law of Segregation and Recombination -- Segregation involves the halving of the
    genetic material that occurs when gametes are formed in meiosis.
    Recombination involves the process of fertilization when this
    genetic material is put back together.

    Law of Independent Assortment -- two different types of traits are inherited on
    different chromosomes and their inheritance has no influence on the other trait
    (today of course we know this is often untrue)