| 1. Which structure does the egg that is released in stage B normally
enter first? (1.) cervix (2.) vagina (3.) uterus
(4.) ovary (5.) oviduct
2. Which sequence best represents the order of the stages in the menstrual cycle? (1.) D -> B -> C -> A (2.) A -> B -> C -> D (3.) C -> A -> B -> D (4.) A -> B -> D -> C 3. Which stage is represented by letter A?
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4. In human males, sperm cells are suspended in a fluid medium. The main advantage gained from this adaptation is that the fluid (1.) activates the egg nucleus so that it begins to divide (2.) provides currents that propel the egg down the oviduct (3.) removes polar bodies from the surface of the sperm (4.) acts as a transport medium for sperm
5. The scrotum is an important adaptation in human males because the optimum temperature for sperm development is (1.) 10 to 12 degrees below normal body temperature (2.) 10 to 12 degrees above normal body temperature (3.) 2 to 4 degrees above normal body temperature (4.) 2 to 4 degrees below normal body temperature
6. Which techniques are sometimes used to help a woman who has blocked fallopian tubes have a child? (1.) in vitro fertilization and implantation (2.) inbreeding and natural selection (3.) hybridization and vegetative propagation (4.) synapsis and natural selection
7. Which statement best describes cells formed during cleavage? (1.) They contain X-chromosomes but never Y-chromosomes (2.) They contain more yolk than the zygote from which they are formed. (3.) They are smaller than the fertilized egg cell. (4.) They are found in mature ovaries.
8. Hormones produced by the testes control the expression of traits
for (1.) voice quality and beard development (2.) hair quality
and voice quality (3.) beard development and number of fingers
(4.) hair color and eye color
9. From which embryonic layer does the nervous system arise in vertebrates? (1.) mesoderm (2.) endoderm (3.) ectoderm (4.) gastroderm
10. From which embryonic layer do blood vessels, muscles and the gonads arise? (1.) ectoderm (2.) endoderm (3.) mesoderm (4.) gastroderm
11. Which statement applies to the gastrula layer of embryonic development in the frog? (1.) Embryonic germ layers are formed. (2.) The embryo is ready to leave the uterus. (3.) A solid ball of cells is formed. (4.) Placental tissue is formed.
12. Which the structure in which internal fertilization usually occurs?
(1.) allantois (2.) oviduct
(3.) gonad (4.) uterus
13. Which is the correct order of events in the reproductive cycle of the human female? (1.) growth of the follicle, breakdown of the corpus luteum, ovulation (2.) menstruation, ovulation, rupture of follicle (3.) growth of follicle, rupture of follicle, ovulation (4.) rupture of follicle, menstruation, ovulation
14. The development of different organs and tissues from
the embryonic germ layers is called
(1.) ovulation (2.)
menstruation (3.) cleavage (4.) differentiation
15. In which structure is a developing embryo implanted? (1.) oviduct
(2.) uterus (3.) ovary
(4.) vagina
16. Identical twins may develop as a result of fertilization of (1.) one egg by one sperm (2.) one egg by two sperms (3.) two eggs by one sperm (4.) two eggs by two sperms
17. Which structure makes nutrients and oxygen directly available to the embryo? (1.) uterus (2.) oviduct (3.) placenta (4.) ovary
18. When asked to relate the terms "sperm," "scrotum," "testes,"
and "zygote," a student wrote the statements below.
(A) They all contain homologous pairs of chromosomes.
(B) The location of the testes within the scrotum aids in the production
of sperm needed for zygote formation.
(C) Mitotic cell division is involved in the formation of the testes
and scrotum, and meiosis is involved in the production of sperm, which
is involved in the formation of a zygote.
(D.) Formation of the testes, scrotum, and sperm occurs in human males;
zygote formation occurs in females.
Which of these statements is correct? (1.) A, B, and D, only
(2.) B, C, and D only
(3.) B and D, only (4.) A, B, C, and D
19. Which structures control the cyclic nature of menstruation? (1.) oviduct and uterus (2.) pituitary and testes (3.) ovaries and umbilical cord (4.) pituitary and ovaries
20. The series of cellular divisions by which the zygote becomes
a multicellular embryo is known as
(1.) gastrulation (2.) mitosis (3.) meiosis (4.)
disjunction
21. Compared to animals that carry on internal fertilization, animals that carry on external fertilization (1.) reproduce in water (2.) produce fewer eggs (3.) reproduce by spores (4.) display more parental care
22. Which structure least influences the human female menstrual cycle? (1.) corpus luteum (2.) pancreas (3.) pituitary (4.) ovarian follicle
23. The membrane which forms a sac, filled with fluid, that serves as a protection for the developing embryo is the (1.) allantois (2.) chorion (3.) placenta (4.) amnion
24. Into which of the following structures does the sperm cell first pass on its entry into the human female? (1.) ovaries (2.) vagina (3.) fallopian tubes (4.) cervix
25. During the menstrual cycle, ovulation occurs when (1.) the embryo is implanted in the uterine wall (2.) an egg is fertilized (3.) the uterine wall begins to break down (4.) an egg is released from the follicle
26. The female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone are produced
in the (1.) pituitary gland
(2.) uterus (3.) umbilical cord (4.) ovaries
27. Twins that develop from a single zygote are (1.) heterozygotes (2.) nonplacental (3.) identical (4.) fraternal
28. Twins which are not identical result from the fertilization of (1.) one egg by one sperm (2.) two eggs by one sperm (3.) two eggs by two sperm (4.) one egg by two sperms
29. In the human male, sperm leave the body through the (1.) urethra (2.) testes (3.) epididymis (4.) vas deferens
30. In the human male, gametes are produced in the (1.) prostate gland (2.) testes (3.) bladder (4.) urethra
31. The follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is (1.) an ovarian hormone which is responsible for the building up of the uterine lining (2.) a pituitary hormone which stimulates the growth of the follicle (3.) a hormone which is stimulated by the follicle and is responsible for building up the uterine lining (4.) an ovarian hormone which stimulates a follicle to produce an egg
Use the diagram below and your knowledge of the living environment to
answer questions
31 through 35 which follow.
32. Which process is represented by arrow A? (1.) implantation
(2.) fertilization
(3.) gametogenesis (4.) gastrulation
33. Which process normally occurs at arrow B? (1.) mitosis
(2.) meiosis (3.) germination
(4.) differentiation
34. Cell layer X is part of a (1.) zygote (2.) gastrula (3.) blastula (4.) fetus
35. Which system develops from cell layer X? (1.) respiratory
(2.) reproductive (3.) skin
(4.) skeletal
36. Which reproductive method most likely produces organisms that possess adaptations for survival in a changing environment? (1.) sexual reproduction (2.) parthenogenesis (3.) budding (4.) vegetative propagation
37. In the testes of a frog, each primary sex cell that undergoes meiosis will probably produce (1.) one active gamete (2.) two active gametes (3.) three active gametes (4.) four active gametes
38. During which process in humans are polar bodies formed? (1.) cleavage (2.) fission (3.) oogenesis (4.) spermatogenesis
39. External fertilization is most common among organisms that live in (1.) deserts (2.) oceans (3.) fields (4.) forests
40. Which evolutionary adaptation was necessary for successful reproduction
by land animals?
(1.) external fertilization (2.) internal fertilization (3.)
motile eggs (4.) motile sperms
41. If a scientist removed a patch of endoderm tissue from a salamander's developing gastrula, which system would fail to develop completely in this embryo? (1.) nervous (2.) skin (3.) skeletal (4.) respiratory
42. Fraternal twins result from the fertilization of (1.) one egg by one sperm (2.) two eggs by one sperm (3.) two eggs by two sperm (4.) one egg by two sperm
43. The first development of secondary sex characteristics in females is most closely associated with (1.) menopause (2.) puberty (3.) gestation (4.) zygote formation
44. The hollow ball stage in embryo development is called the (1.) morula (2.) gastrula (3.) zygote (4.) blastula
45. What are the normal chromosome numbers of a sperm, egg, and
zygote, respectively?
(1.) monoploid, monoploid, and diploid (2.) diploid, diploid,
and diploid
(3.) monoploid, diploid, and diploid (4.) monoploid, monoploid,
and monoploid
46. A major advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is that sexual reproduction results in (1.) more rapid production of offspring (2.) larger offspring (3.) a greater number of offspring (4.) a greater variety of offspring
Use the diagram below and your knowledge of the living environment to
answer
questions 47 through 50 which follow.
47. Which stage represents a zygote? (1.) A (2.) B (3.) C (4.) D
48. Which stage represents a blastula? (1.) A (2.) B (3.) C (4.) D
49. Which stage represents a gastrula? (1.) A (2.) B (3.) C (4.) D
50. Cells of this developing organism begin to undergo differentiation
at stage
(1.) A (2.) B
(3.) C (4.) D
51. Which two processes are included in the prenatal development
of a single human embryo?
(1.) gastrulation and differentiation
(2.) menopause and cleavage
(3.) puberty and gastrulation
(4.) menstruation and fertilization
52. Base your answer on the diagram below and on your knowledge of
biology.
The diagram represents stages in the
development of a vertebrate.
During a pregnancy, identical twins could result from the (1.)
differentiation of cells in stage 7
(2.) separation of the cells at stage 3 (3.) implantation of
the structure in stage 6
(4.) repetition of the process in stage 1
Use the diagram below and your knowledge of biology to
answer questions
53 through 55 which follow.
| 53. The diagram represents a human embryo developing in the uterus.
Structure 3 represents the (1.) membrane that protects the embryo
from mechanical shock (2.) site where the female gametes undergo
meiosis during maturation (3.) site of exchange of materials between
the mother and the fetus (4.) structure that stores yolk for the
developing fetus
54. The diagram represents a human embryo developing in the uterus. Internal fertilization normally takes place in the structure indicated by number (1.) 1 (2.) 2 (3.) 3 (4.) 4 (5.) 5 55. The amniotic fluid is best represented by structure (1.) 1 (2.) 2 (3.) 3 (4.) 4 (5.) 5 |
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Use the diagram below and your knowledge of biology to
answer
questions 56 though 58 which follow.
56. The graph shows the different concentrations of female reproductive hormones during the menstrual cycle of humans. Which process usually begins at B? (1.) fertilization (2.) embryo development (3.) menstruation (4.) ovulation
57. The graph shows the different concentrations of female reproductive hormones during the menstrual cycle of humans. Which event normally occurs at A? (1.) fertilization (2.) embryo development (3.) menstruation (4.) ovulation
58. The graph shows the different concentrations of female reproductive
hormones during the menstrual cycle of humans. Which is a correct inference
about an event that occurs prior to day 14? (1.) A high level of estrogen may stimulate the production
of LH. (2.) A high level of LH may stimulate the production of FSH.
(3.) A low level of FSH inhibits the production of estrogen.
(4.) A low level of progesterone inhibits the production of estrogen.
Use the diagram below, along with your knowledge of biology to answer questions 59 and 60 which follow.
59.
Which structure produces a hormone which stimulates secondary sex
characteristics in the male?
(1.)
A (2.) B (3.) C (4.) D (5.) E (6.) F
60. Which structure is an adaptation for internal fertilization
and excretion?
(1.)
A (2.) B (3.) C (4.) D (5.) E (6.) F
Use the diagram below and your knowledge of biology to
answer questions
61 through 64 which follow.
61. After sperm cells are deposited inside the female, the pathway they follow to reach the egg is from (1.) G to H to I (2.) K to I to H (3.) . J to K to H (4.) H to I to K
62. Gametogenesis occurs within structures (1.) D
and H (3.) B and I (3.) E and G
(4.) A and J
63. Which structures are directly affected by hormones involved
in the menstrual cycle?
(1.) G and I (2.) I and J (3.) A and D (4.) C and
E
64. Which structures secrete hormones that regulate the development of secondary sex characteristics? (1.) A and J (2.) D and H (3.) E and G (4.) F and I
65. A temporary suspension of the menstrual cycle normally occurs
during (1.) menopause
(2.) menstruation (3.) ovulation (4.) pregnancy
Use the diagram below and your knowledge of biology to answer questions 66 through 69 which follow.
| 66. Which diagram shows the first appearance of the distinct
layer of cells that will form the muscular, skeletal, and circulatory systems?
(1.) 1 (2.) 6 (3.) 8 (4.) 11 67. Which diagram illustrates the first tissue differentiation
of the developing organism?
68. If stages 1 through 4 represent developmental stages of a
human, where in the human female would these stages normally occur?
(1.) uterus (2.) ovary (3.) vagina
69. Which events must occur immediately before the sequence represented in the diagrams can take place? (1.) gametogenesis and fertilization (2.) placenta formation and metamorphosis (3.) prenatal development and gestation (4.) menstruation and menopause |
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Use the diagram below and your knowledge of biology to answer questions 70 through 72 which follow.
70. What would most likely happen if structure C was blocked at
the X?
(1.) Sperm production would increase.
(2.) Sperm could not be transported to the outside of
the body. (3.) Urine could
not be discharged from the urinary bladder.
(4.) Sex hormones would no longer
be produced.
71. Which structure produces a hormone that is responsible for
such characteristics as
body hair, muscle development,
and a deep voice? (1.) A (2.) B (3.) C (4.) D
(5.) E
72. Which structure is part of both the reproductive and excretory
systems? (1.) A (2.) B
(3.) C (4.) D (5.)
E (6.) F
73. Substances can diffuse from the mother's blood into the fetal
blood through the structure
known as the (1.) placenta
(2.) yolk sac (3.) amnion (4.) fallopian tube
74. The permanent cessation of the menstrual cycle is known as
(1.) menopause
(2.) adolescence (3.) puberty
(4.) in vitro fertilization
Constructed Response Questions
Use the diagram below and your knowledge of biology to answer the questions which follow.
1. Identify the correct biological name of each of the numbered structures.
2. State the function of each of the lettered structures in the diagram above.
3. Write an essay explaining the meaning of each of the
following terms and relate them
to reproduction and development in humans;
gametogenesis, zygote, fertilization,
cleavage, blastula, differentiation
and gastrula.
4. List in order the major stages of the human female menstrual
cycle. State the chief
events of each stage. Explain
how the hormones, FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone
are involved in female reproduction.
5. In the 1960's thousands of pregnant women in Europe took a drug called
thalidomide to
reduce morning sickness. Many of
their babies were born with arms and legs that looked
like flippers. How can you explain this
based on what you know about embryonic development?
Now hopefully some correct answers! Send any comments in reference to errors to jbuckley@ekcsk12.org