_____ 1. Sexual reproduction frequently results in much variety among offspring.

_____ 2. Fertilization occurs when the egg and sperm nuclei fuse and join.

_____ 3. The egg of the female is much smaller than the sperm.

_____ 4. The egg is able to move under its own power by its flagellum in the human.

_____ 5. The male gonads are called the testes and the female gonads are called the ovaries.

_____ 6. Gonads are organs which produce sex cells.

_____ 7. The human egg or sperm contains 92 chromosomes.

_____ 8. Crossing over involves an exchange of chromatid segments between chromosomes.

_____ 9. The first division of meiosis is when crossing over occurs.

_____ 10. Spermatogenesis occurs in the prostate gland.

_____ 11. The head of a human sperm contains much stored food to provide the sperm
                 with energy.

_____ 12. While meiosis results in a halving of the chromosome number, the
                 chromosome number is maintained in an organism by the processes of
                 meiosis and fertilization.

_____ 13. Spermatogenesis results in the formation of one sperm from one meiotic cell division.

_____ 14. Oogenesis is the production of the egg.

_____ 15. Oogenesis results in the formation of one egg and three polar bodies from one
                 meiotic division.

_____ 16. Sexual reproduction is considered to have evolutionary advantages over
                 asexual reproduction as it provides a great number of variations in the offspring which
                 may be selected for..

_____ 17. All sperm require some form of liquid to swim to the eggs.

_____ 18. A hermaphrodite has functional organs of both sexes in one organism.

_____ 19. The coming together of doubled homologous chromosomes in meiosis is
                 called crossing over.

_____ 20. The chromatid holds the individual strands of a chromosome together.

Multiple choice questions -- place the correct response in the blank preceding the statement.
(4 pts. @)

1. An organism which can successfully reproduce without utilizing the process of meiosis
    is the (1.) dog (2.) grasshopper (3.) ameba (4.) earthworm

2. The process of meiosis is most closely associated with (1.) budding (2.) fission
    (3.) vegetative propagation (4.) sexual reproduction

3. The meeting of homologous chromosome pairs in meiosis I is called (1.) disjunction
    (2.) nondisjunction (3.) gametogenesis (4.) synapsis
 

4.   The diagram at the right represents       human gametes. Which statement        best describes the fertilized egg that        would result if this sperm cell and egg        cell unite? (1.) It would contain 46        sex chromosomes and develop into        a male.  (2.) It would contain        44 autosomes and develop into a        female.        (3.) It would contain 44 autosomes        and develop into a male.        (4.) It would contain 46 sex        chromosomes and develop into a female.

Use the diagrams below and your knowledge of the living environment to answer questions
5 and 6 which follow.

5.  Which diagram best represents spermatogenesis in humans?

6.  Which diagram best represents oogenesis in humans?
 

     (1.)     (2.) 

     (3.)      (4.) 
 

7.  Which event normally occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis? (1.) synapsis of
     homologous chromosomes  (2.) nuclear membrane disintegration  (3.) movement
    of chromosomes to opposite poles  (4.) chromosome replication

8.   The sex of a person depends on
      (1.) whether the unfertilized egg contains an or Y-chromosome
      (2.) whether the sperm that fertilizes the egg contains an X or Y-chromosome
      (3.) the genetic makeup of autosomes found in the egg cell
      (4.) the genetic makeup of autosomes found in the sperm

9.    A cell with a diploid chromosome number of 12 divided two times, producing four
       cells with six chromosomes each. The process that produced these four cells was
       most likely  (1.) meiotic cell division  (2.) external fertilization
       (3.) mitotic cell division  (4.) internal fertilization

10.  Compared to the number of chromosomes in a normal human body cell, the number
       of chromosomes in a normal human sperm cell is  (1.) four times as great
       (2.) the same  (3.) half as great  (4.) twice as great

11.  A difference between gametes produced by oogenesis and gametes produced
       by spermatogenesis is that gametes by oogenesis (1.) mature into motile sex cells
       (2.) contain more homologous chromosomes  (3.) contain more stored nutrients
       (4.) undergo cleavage prior to fertilization

12.  Complex organisms produce sex cells that unite during fertilization, forming a single
       cell known as  (1.) a gamete  (2.) a gonad  (3.) a zygote  (4.) an embryo

13  Which statement best describes the process of crossing-over?
      (1.) It takes place between homologous chromosomes and results in an increased
      gene mutation rate.  (2.) It takes place between nonhomologous chromosomes and results
      in new gene combinations.  (3.) It takes place between homologous chromosomes
     and results in new gene combinations.  (4.) It takes place between nonhomologous
     chromosomes results in an increased gene mutation rate.

14. Homologous pairs of chromosomes are restored as a result of
      (1.) fertilization  (2.) germination  (3.) gametogenesis  (4.) differentiation

15. In the process of oogenesis in humans, a primary sex cell undergoes divisions that
      normally produce  (1.) four monoploid sperm
      (2.) one monoploid egg and three polar bodies   (3.) four monoploid eggs
      (4.) one monoploid sperm and three diploid eggs

16. After one primary sex cell in a human testis undergoes meiosis, the usual result is
      (1.) four diploid cells  (2.) one diploid cell  (3.) one monoploid cell
      (4.) four monoploid cells

17. The normal diploid chromosome number of the house mouse, Mus musculus, is 40.
      How many pairs of homologous chromosomes would a normal zygote of
      Mus musculus contain? (1.) 10  (2.) 80  (3.) 40  (4.) 20

18.   A sperm cell of an alligator has 16 chromosomes. What total number of
       chromosomes normally present in a stomach cell of this alligator? (1.) 8
       (2.) 16  (3.) 32  (4.) 48

19.  In sexually reproducing species, doubling of the chromosome number from generation
       to generation is prevented by that take place during the process of  (1.)    nondisjunction
       (2.)    cleavage   (3.) gametogenesis  (4.) fertilization

20. Which situation is a result of crossing-over during meiosis?
      (1.)    Genes are rearranged, increasing the variability of offspring.
      (2.)    Chromatids thicken and align themselves, helping to ensure genetic continuity.
      (3.)    Genes are duplicated exactly, ensuring that offspring be identical to the parents.
      (4.)    Chromatids fail to sort independently, creating abnormal chromosome numbers.

The diagram below shows stages in the life cycle of a unicellular flagellated green alga. Use this information and your knowledge of the living environment to answer questions 21 through 24 which follow.

21.  The process that takes place at stage B normally produces cells with
       (1.) the same chromosome number as the parent cell  (2.) pairs of homologous
       chromosomes  (3.) fewer chromosomes than the parent cell
       (4.) a polyploid number of chromosomes

22. Fertilization involving like gametes takes place at stage (1.) A   (2.) C  (3.) E  (4.) B

23. The process that most likely takes place between stages E and A is (1.) meiosis
      (2.) cleavage  (3.) mitosis  (4.) fertilization

24. A specialized structure that provides protection from harsh environmental conditions
      is represented at stage  (1.) C   (2.) E   (3.) D  (4.) B

25.     The diagrams below represent the gametes and zygotes associated with two
          separate fertilizations in a particular species.

    The abnormal zygote is most likely the result of  (1.) gene linkage  (2.) chromosome breakage
    (3.)  polyploidy  (4.) nondisjunction

 The diagram below represents a life cycle.  Use this diagram and your knowledge of the living environment to answer questions 26 through 29 which follow.

 26.  At stage F, (2n) refers to stage F, (2n) refers to the number of   (1.) chromosomes
        in the gametes   (2.) mitotic divisions that produce the embryo  (3.) chromosomes
        in a body cell of the embryo  (4.) days in the gestation period

27.  Stage E is produced as a direct result of the process of   (1.) menstruation
       (2.) implantation  (3.) fertilization   (4.) gastrulation

28.  The process indicated by P takes place in both the male and female. This process is known
       as (1.) mitosis  (2.) gametogenesis  (3.) cleavage  (4.) regeneration

29.  Sex cells are represented by structures  (1.) D and E   (2.) B and C  (3.) C and D
       4)    A and B

30.  Which process is represented in the diagram below?

       (1.) mitosis  (2.) oogenesis  (3.) binary fission  (4.) gametogenesis

Now hopefully some correct answers!!  Report any suspected errors or problems to jbuckley@ekcsk12.org

True/False Section

1.      T
2.      T
3.      F (larger)
4.      F (sperm)
5.      T
6.      T
7.      F  (23)
8.      T
9.      T
10.    F (testes)
11.    F (little or no stored food)
12.    T
13.    F (4 sperm)
14.    T
15.    T
16.    T
17.    T
18.    T
19.    F (synapsis)
20.    F (centromere)

Multiple Choice Section                17.  3    22.  3    27.  3

1.    3        5.  2      9.  1     13.  3     18.  3    23.  1    28.  2
2.    4        6.  4    10.  3     14.  1     19.  3    24.  2    29.  3
3.    4        7.  1    11.  3     15.  2     20.  1    25.  4    30.  4
4.    2        8.  2    12.  3     16.  4     21.  1    26.  3