1. Which type of compound is found in every DNA molecule? (1.) starch (2.) nitrogenous base (3.) lipid  (4.) amino acid

2. In a DNA molecule, a base pair could normally be composed of (1.) adenine-thymine (2.) adenine-uracil (3.) thymine-guanine (4.) adenine-guanine

3. The deoxyribo part in the name deoxyribonucleic acid refers to the (1.) rungs of the sugar ladder (2.) bonds that hold the two strands together (3.) sugar component of DNA (4.) type of helical arrangement

4. A nucleotide of DNA could contain (1.) adenine, ribose, and phosphate (2.) nitrogenous base, phosphate, and glucose (3.) phosphate, deoxyribose, and thymine (4.) uracil, deoxyribose and phosphate

5. A molecular group consisting of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base is a (1.) nucleoprotein (2.) amino acid (3.) nucleic acid (4.) nucleotide

6. Which statement concerning nucleic acids is FALSE? (1.) DNA is a single stranded molecule.  (2.) DNA forms a twisted helix. (3.) RNA contains ribose sugar. (4.) RNA may contain uracil.

7. A nucleotide would least likely contain the element (1.) carbon (2.) nitrogen (3.) phosphorus
    (4.) sulfur

8. Which nitrogenous bases is NOT found in DNA? (1.) thymine (2.) uracil (3.) adenine
     (4.) guanine (5.) cytosine

9. During the replication of the DNA molecule, bonds are broken between the
    (1.) nitrogenous bases (2.) phosphate groups (3.) pentose sugars (4.) sugars and phosphates

10. After the replication of the DNA molecule is completed, each of the two daughter cells
      is usually composed of (1.) fragments from both strands of the parent DNA molecule
     (2.) one  nucleotide strand exactly like the parent nucleotide strands (3.) nucleotides
     slightly different from the parent DNA molecule (4.) nucleotides like the parent DNA
     molecule except that thymine is substituted for uracil

11. Which is NOT part of a nucleotide? (1.) ribose (2.) guanine (3.) maltose (4.) phosphate

12. In nucleotides, the letters A, G, C, and T represent  (1.) phosphate groups
      (2.)  nitrogenous bases  (3.) deoxyribose sugars  (4.) ribose sugars

13. Select the type of nucleic acid molecule that is best described by the following
      phrase:  may contain adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.
      (1.) DNA molecules, only  (2.) Both DNA and RNA molecules
      (3.) RNA molecules, only   (4.) Neither DNA nor RNA molecules

14. Select the type of nucleic acid molecule that is best described by the following
      phrase:  are present in the nuclei of human cheek cells.   (1.) DNA molecules, only
      (2.) Both DNA and RNA molecules  (3.) RNA molecules, only
      (4.) Neither DNA nor RNA molecules

15. DNA is a polymer consisting of repeating units known as (1.) dipeptides
      (2.) amino acids   (3.) nucleotides  (4.) organic salts

16.  Which components of DNA are held together by weak hydrogen bonds?
        (1.) phosphate and adenine  (2.) thymine and deoxyribose
        (3.) phosphate and deoxyribose  (4.) cytosine and guanine

Use the information provided in by the picture below on the right and your knowledge of the living environment to answer questions 17 through 19 which follow.
 

17.  In the diagram, which letter indicates a section of the molecule that includes all the components of a nucleotide?  (1.) A  (2.) B  (3.) C  (4.) D 18.  What molecule is represented on the right? 19.  State a reason for your answer in the preceding question.

20. Which event takes place first during DNA replication?  (1.) A single-stranded RNA
      molecule  is formed. (2.) Free nucleotides are bonded together in the correct sequence
      (3.) Transfer RNA links to an amino acid.  (4.) The DNA molecule "unzips" along
      weak hydrogen bonds.

21.  A DNA nucleotide is composed of
       (1.) carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
       (2.) calcium, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and iron
       (3.) carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and calcium
       (4.) oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and iron

22.  Which base is normally used in the synthesis of RNA but not in the synthesis of DNA?
       (1.) adenine (2.) cytosine  (3.) uracil  (4.) guanine

Use the information provided in the diagram below at the right and your knowledge of the living environment to answer questions 23 through 25 which follow?
 

23.  The structure and location of a cellular component is represented in the diagram shown.   The polymer in the diagram most likely contains   (1.) adenosine triphosphate  (2.) genes  (3.) lipids  (4.) hydrolytic enzymes  24.  Name the polymer pictured at the right and name one reason for your answer based on the structure of this polymer. 25.  What repeating subunits make up this polymer?

26. In a portion of a gene, the nitrogenous base sequence is T-C-G-A-A-T. Which
      nitrogenous base sequence would normally be found bonded to this section of the gene?
      (1.) A-C-G-T-A-A  (2.) A-G-C-T-T-A  (3.) A-C-G-U-U-A  (4.) U-G-C-A-A-U

27. The position of an amino acid in a protein molecule is determined by the
      (1.) concentration of amino acids in the cytoplasm (2.) amount of ATP in the cell
      synthesizing the protein (3.) sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA (4.) sequence of
      amino groups in an amino acid

Use the information provided below to answer questions 28 and 29.

A = adenine, C = cytosine
G = guanine, T = thymine, U = uracil

28. How would the complementary strand of DNA appear if the original strand of
      DNA contained the bases T-A-G-C in that order? (1.) U-A-C-G (2.) G-C-A-T
      (3.) T-A-C-G (4.) A-T-C-G

29. A strand of messenger RNA is transcribed from an original strand of DNA. The original
      bases on the DNA strand were T-A-C-G. What is the base sequence on the RNA
      strand produced from this? (1.) U-A-G-C (2.) T-A-G-C (3.) C-G-A-U (4.) A-U-G-C

30. During protein synthesis, which type of molecule attaches particular amino acid molecules
      and positions them in specific positions on the polypeptide chain? (1.) DNA (2.) mRNA
      (3.) tRNA (4.) ADP

31. With which cellular activity is the replication of DNA most closely associated? (1.) mitosis
      (2.) aerobic respiration (3.) transport (4.) polysaccharide synthesis

Match each of the following terms with a statement from the list provided which best associates with that term. Place the letter of that statement in the blank on your answer sheet.

32. polypeptide
33. template
34. replication
35. triplet
36. cloning
37. alpha helix

A. another name for a protein
B. to make a copy of DNA
C. a long starch molecule
D. something which is copied
E. sequence of nitrogenous bases which codes for an amino acid
F. an identical organism copy
G. the shape of DNA

38. Which statement about mutations is most correct? (1.) Most mutations are recessive
      and beneficial. (2.) Mutations are sources of variations in offspring. (3.) Mutations occur
      in only fruit flies and molds. (4.) Mutations can not occur unless the mutating cell is
     exposed to ionizing radiation.

39. In the cytoplasm, messenger RNA becomes attached to the (1.) cytoplasm
      (2.) chloroplasts (3.) centrosomes (4.) ribosomes

40. Select the type of nucleic acid molecule that is best described by the following
      phrase:  carry genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes.
      (1.) DNA molecules, only  (2.) Both DNA and RNA molecules
      (3.) RNA molecules, only   (4.) Neither DNA nor RNA molecules

41. The correct order of molecules involved in protein synthesis is
      (1.) messenger RNA, transfer RNA, DNA, polypeptide
      (2.) transfer RNA, polypeptide, DNA, messenger RNA, DNA
      (3.) DNA, messenger RNA, polypeptide, transfer RNA
      (4.) DNA, messenger RNA, transfer RNA, polypeptide

Use the diagram below at the right and your knowledge of the living environment to answer questions 42 through 46 which follow.   The diagram represents molecules involved in protein synthesis.
 

42.  In plant cells, molecule 1 is found in the  (1.) centriole  (2.) cell wall  (3.) nucleus  (4.) ribosome 43.  The building blocks of molecule 3 are known as  (1.) amino acids  (2.) nucleotides (3.) fatty acids  (4.) monosaccharides 44.  Where do the chemical reactions that are coded for by molecule 2 take place?  (1.) in the vacuole  (2.) in the lysosome  (3.) on the plasma membrane  (4.) at ribosomes  45.  Molecule 2 is RNA.  List two reasons it can be easily determined this molecule is RNA by looking at its structure. 46.  Molecule 3 is known as  (1.) DNA  (2.) RNA  (3.) a polypeptide  (4.) a fatty acid

47. The code of a gene is delivered to the enzyme-producing region of a cell by a (1.) hormone
      (2.) messenger RNA molecule  (3.) nerve impulse  (4.) DNA molecule

48. Recombinant DNA is presently used in the biotechnology industry to
      (1.) eliminate all infectious disease in livestock
      (2.) increase the frequency of fertilization
      (3.) synthesize insulin, interferon, and human growth hormone
      (4.) create populations that exhibit incomplete dominance

49. Some events that take place during the synthesis of a specific protein are listed below.

(A) Messenger RNA attaches to a ribosome.
(B) DNA serves as a template for RNA production.
(C) Transfer RNA bonds to a specific codon.
(D) Amino acids are bonded together.
(E) RNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

The correct order of these events is   (1.) B --> E --> A --> C --> D
(2.) B --> C --> E --> D --> A  (3.) D --> A --> E --> C --> B
(4.) C --> B --> A --> E --> D

50. Which chemical components may be parts of a molecule of transfer RNA?
      (1.) ribose, phosphate group, uracil base  (2.) glucose, amino group, thymine base
      (3.) deoxyribose, phosphate group, guanine base  (4.) maltose, carboxyl group, uracil base

Use the information provided in the chart below on the right and your knowledge of the living environment to answer questions 51 through 55 which follow.   The diagram represents molecular structures involved in protein synthesis.
 

51.  Structure 1 represents (1.) part of a polypeptide chain  (2.) a portion of an RNA molecule  (3.) a portion of a DNA molecule  (4.) the building blocks of proteins  52.  The DNA code for aspartic acid is         (1.) C-T-G  (2.) C-C-T         (3.) C-C-U  (4.) C-U-G  53.  Proline, methionine, and aspartic acid represent three types of  (1.) fatty acids  (2.) hormones  (3.) amino acids  (4.) enzymes 54.  Structure 2 is synthesized in the  (1.) nucleus  (2.) ribosome  (3.) vacuole  (4.) lysosome  55.  Structure 2 represents (1.) part of a polypeptide chain  (2.) a portion of an RNA molecule  (3.) a portion of a DNA molecule  (4.) the building blocks of proteins

Use the diagram provided below and your knowledge of the living environment to answer questions 56 through 58 which follow.

56.  The synthesis of structure X occurred in the  (1.) nucleus  (2.) lysosome
       (3.) cytoplasm  (4.) vacuole

57.  Which amino acid would be transferred to the position of codon CAC?  (1.). leucine
        (2.) valine  (3.) glycine  (4.) histidine

58.  The biochemical process represented in the diagram is most closely associated with the
       cell organelle known as the  (1.) nucleolus (2.) chloroplast  (3.) ribosome
       (4.) mitochondrion

Use the diagram below at the right and your knowledge of the living environment to answer questions 59 through 63 which follow.
 

59.  Structure A contains a  (1.) genetic code  (2.) messenger RNA molecule  (3.) single nucleotide, only  (4.) small polysaccharide  60.  Structure B represents  (1.) a ribosome  (2.) recombinant DNA  (3.) transfer RNA  (4.) a male gamete  61. The technique illustrated in the diagram is known as   (1.)  cloning (2.) protein synthesis  (3.) genetic engineering  (4.) in vitro fertilization  62.  Explain why this technique is also called recombinant DNA technology? 63.  List two practical applications of this technology to human health and/or agriculture.

64. A sequence of three nitrogenous bases in a messenger RNA molecule is known as a
      (1.) codon  (2.) polypeptide  (3.) gene  (4.) nucleotide

65.  Some geneticists are suggesting the possibility of transferring some of the genes that
       influence photosynthesis from an efficient variety of crop plant to a less efficient crop plant
       to produce a new variety with improved productivity. To produce this new variety,
       the project would most likely involve  (1.) amniocentesis  (2.) genetic engineering
       (3.) genetic screening  (4.) inbreeding

66.  Some geneticists are suggesting the possibility of transferring some of the genes that
       influence photosynthesis from an efficient variety of crop plant to a less efficient crop plant
       to produce a new variety with improved productivity.  Which technique would most likely
       be used to produce large numbers of genetically identical offspring from this new variety
       of plant?  (1.) cloning  (2.) cross-pollination  (3.) karyotyping  (4.) chromatography

Use the diagram below at the right and your knowledge of the living environment to answer questions 67 through 69 which follow.
 

67.  Which processes occur in the nucleus?         (1.) 1 and 2   (2.) 3 and 4         (3.) 2 and 3   (4.) 4 and 5  68.  Process 1 is known as (1.) replication         (2.) nondisjunction  (3.) mutation         (4.) translocation  69.  What is the product of process 3?          (1.) a strand of DNA          (2.) a strand of RNA          (3.) two strands of DNA          (4.) a chain of amino acids

70.  Using special enzymes, scientists have successfully removed the gene that controls
       the production of interferon and have inserted this gene into the DNA of certain
       bacteria.  These bacteria can now produce interferon. This technique is known as
       (1.) amniocentesis  (2.) genetic engineering  (3.) differentiation  (4.) karyotyping

71. In the synthesis of proteins, what is the function of messenger RNA molecules?
      (1.) They act as a template for the synthesis of DNA.
      (2.) They remove amino acids from the nucleus.
      (3.) They carry information that determines the sequence of amino acids.
      (4.) They carry specific enzymes for dehydration synthesis.

Use the information provided in the diagram below at the right and your knowledge of the living environment to answer questions 72 through 74 which follow.  The diagram represents two processes in the synthesis of proteins.
 

72.   Process B involves the pairing of a codon with a triplet code on a transfer RNA molecule. A correct pairing would be (1.)  CAT and GTA  (2.) GUG and UGU  (3.) AAU and UUA  (4.) CAG and GUA  73.  Process A occurs within the  (1.) mitochondrion  (2.) chloroplast  (3.) ribosome  (4.) nucleus  74.  What is the process represented by A?

Use the information provided in the diagram at the right and your knowledge of the living environment to answer question 75. 75.   The diagram illustrates some key steps of a procedure in one area of biotechnology.  The letter X most likely represents (1.)   bacterial cells that are unable to           synthesize insulin (2.)   human cells that are able to          synthesize antibodies (3.)   bacterial cells that are able to           synthesize insulin (4.)   human cells that are unable to           resist antibiotics

Use the passage/diagram below to answer questions 76 through 78 which follow

The Great Pizza Caper

Last Thursday, Mr. Davis was in his room working.   There was some pizza on his desk.  At 3:20 P.M. , Mr. Davis and his administrative assistant Mrs. Main suddenly needed to leave the room.   At 3:30 P.M. when he returned, he found several pieces of pizza were half eaten with saliva (dribble) all over the pieces.   He had noticed several people running from her room.  Unfortunately due to another power outage after school, the video cameras that would have detected this situation were not functional.   Three students were noticed running by
Mrs. McBath from the scene, who gave their names to Mr. Davis.     Mr. Davis demanded saliva samples from these students.    The three students were Amanda, Emily, and Danielle.   He took those saliva samples along with a standard sample taken from the dribble on the pizza to a local college for DNA testing.   The results of this testing are indicated in the diagram below.    Please do the questions on the next page which pertains to this diagram and this paragraph.

76.     The technique being used to assess this information is called 
           (1.) human genome determination  (2.) karyotyping   (3.) transformation 
           (4.) cloning  (5.) electrophoresis

77.     Based on the indicated position of the wells, the shortest DNA fragment in
          the sample is at position   (1.)  1   (2.) 2   (3.)  3   (4.) 4  

78.     Based on the results of this laboratory test, it is mostly likely that the guilty
          pizza thief/slobberer is  (1.) Mr. Davis  (2.) Mrs. McBath stealing pizza for
          Mr. Buckley  (3.) Emily  (4.) Amanda   (5.) Danielle

Base your answers to questions 79 through 82 on the information and diagram below
and on your knowledge of biology.

The four wells represented in the diagram were each injected with
fragments that were prepared from DNA samples using identical techniques.

79.   This laboratory procedure is known as (1) cloning  (2) gel electrophoresis
        (3) chromatography   (4) use of a dichotomous key

80.   The arrow represents the direction of the movement of the DNA fragments. What is
        responsible for the movement of the DNA in this process?

81.  The four samples of DNA were taken from four different individuals. Explain
        how this is evident from the results shown in the diagram.

True-False Section

1.    An altered gene may be passed on to every cell that develops from it.
2.    In recent years, new varieties of farm plants and animals have been engineered by
       manipulating their genetic instructions to produce new characteristics.
3.   Restriction enzymes can be used to cut sequences of DNA.
4.   The cutting, cloning, and movement of segments of DNA does not involve enzymes.
5.   Our increased knowledge of genetics is not important to health care.
6.   Mapping of genetic instructions in cells makes it possible to detect, and perhaps
      correct, defective genes that may lead to poor health.
7.   Substances from genetically engineered organisms have increased the cost and side
      effects of replacing missing body chemicals.
8.   Although all body cells are are descended from a single cell and have identical genetic
      instructions, they may be very different because different parts of a cells instructions
      are used based on a cell's environment and past history.
9.   Cell regulation is not important.
10. Cell regulation allows cells to respond to their environment and control and coordinate
      cell growth and division.
11. Cell regulation occurs through both changes in the activity of proteins and selective
      expression of individual genes.
12. The genetic information stored in DNA is used to direct the synthesis of the thousands
      of proteins required by a cell.
13. Proteins are long, folded molecules, but do not have specific shapes which influence
      their functions.
14. Proteins can be made from 20 different amino acids in a specific sequence.
15. The shape of a protein determines its function.
16. Offspring resemble their parents because they inherit similar genes that code for
      the production of proteins that form similar structures and perform similar functions.

Free Response Section

1.) Draw a nucleotide subunit representation and label its three parts.

2.) List three differences in the structure of DNA from RNA.

3.) Given a strand of DNA with the bases ATTGCC:

a.) Give me its complementary DNA stand.
b.) Tell me the strand of RNA which could be synthesized from this strand of DNA.

4.)  Define the terms transcription, translation, and triplet.

5.)  What is a template?

6.)  Give three examples of how the technology of genetic engineering allows humans to
      alter the genetic makeup of organisms.

Now hopefully some correct answers!   Send any comments about errors or other comments to jbuckley@ekcsk12.org