[Multiple Choice Section]

54. 2

55.   Very low (acidic) or high (basic or alkaline) pH values change the shape of the enzyme so it will
        not fit with its substrate.   This process is called denaturization.

Constructed Response

1.   See your teacher for an appropriate scale for each block.   Giving each block a value of 10 m would fit all
      the points on the graph.

2.   See your teacher to see if you have plotted this correctly.

3.   Water temperature is the dependent variable in this graph.

4.    Some possible correct responses include the following:

-- A decrease in arterial pressure reduces normal kidney function.

-- A decrease in arterial pressure reduces the rate of filtration by the kidney.

-- A decrease in arterial pressure disrupts homeostasis.

-- According to the chart, normal kidney function slows and then ceases as the arterial pressure decreases from 200 mm Hg to about 40 mm Hg.

-- At different arterial pressures, the kidney filtration rate decreases slowly as the arterial pressure decreases from 200 mm Hg to 100 mm Hg, moderately from 100 mm Hg to 75 mm Hg, and rapidly from 75 mm Hg to 45 mm Hg.

5.   Some possible correct responses include:

-- Guard cells can regulate the amount of water loss through the leaf.

-- Guard cells carry out photosynthesis.

-- Guard cells allow CO₂ to enter the leaf.

-- Guard cells regulate gas exchange.

-- Guard cells regulate the rate of transpiration from the plant.

6.  This one has many possible correct answers.   If you have a question about your answer, see your
     teacher.   Some possible correct answers include:

--  Circulatory: carries nutrients (or oxygen) to cells (or carries wastes away from cells)

--  Digestive: breaks down food substances (or makes nutrients available)

--  Respiratory: allows the exchange of gases (or permits the absorption of oxygen)

 -- Excretory: eliminates metabolic wastes (or filters blood to remove waste materials)

-- A malfunction of the circulatory system is a heart attack.  A heart attack disrupts homeostasis by causing the heart muscle to become ineffective in pumping blood throughout the body.  Heart attacks can be prevented by maintaining a healthful lifestyle, including a low-fat diet and exercise.

-- A malfunction of the respiratory system is asthma.  Asthma is a condition that disrupts homeostasis because insufficient oxygen can cause cell inefficiency or cell death if not treated quickly.  Asthma can be treated with a variety of drugs that open air passages in the lungs and allow free breathing.

-- A malfunction of the excretory system is kidney disease.  Kidney disease disrupts homeostasis when nitrogenous wastes are not properly filtered from the blood and build up to poisonous levels in living tissues.  Kidney disease may be treatable with drug therapies or, in severe cases, organ transplantation.

--  A malfunction of the digestive system is constipation.  Constipation can disrupt homeostasis by blocking the large intestine with feces, interfering with digestion.  Constipation can be prevented by maintaining a diet rich in fiber, fruits, and vegetables.

7.   Again this answer may have many possible correct answers.   If you have a question about your
      answer, see your teacher.    The answer must include:

-- The difference between the experimental group of subjects and the control group (i.e., use of vitamin C in the experimental group)

-- Two conditions that must be kept constant in both groups (e.g., age of subjects, type of wound, number of subjects in each group, dosage, amount and type of food, amount of water, drugs administered, therapies used, hospital environment)

-- Data that should be collected (e.g., number of days needed to heal, rate of healing, quality of healing, amount of scarring, incidence of infection)

-- An example of experimental results that would support the hypothesis (e.g., spent less time in the hospital, recovered faster, experienced fewer complications)

A sample full credit response:

In this experiment, a 100 or more of volunteer human surgical subjects will be randomly split into two groups. One half of the individuals will be part of the experimental group and will receive a precise  dosage of vitamin C injected into their veins following their surgery in addition to other treatments normally given to patients after surgery. The remaining 50 subjects will be the control group, receiving no vitamin C but will receive the  treatments normally given to the other  patients following surgery.

Both groups will need to be kept the same as possible in the other variables, such as  the age of the subjects and the amount and type of food given following surgery.

Data to be collected from both groups will include the rate of healing, measured in days.

If the average rate of healing of the surgical wounds of the experimental group is at least 3 days faster than that of the control group, then the experimental hypothesis will be supported.

8.   A full credit response is required that must include the following:

-- A description of the contents of a vaccine (e.g., weakened, altered, or dead microbes, or parts of weakened microbes)

-- A description of how a vaccine protects the body from disease (e.g., by stimulating the immune system to react, by causing the immune system to produce antibodies, by having the body make antibodies)

-- One specific reason certain vaccinations are required for students to attend public schools (e.g., to prevent the spread of disease, to keep schoolchildren protected from a disease, to prevent an epidemic in a school, to protect children from diseases brought in by a classmate)

A sample full credit response appears below:

A vaccine contains dead or weakened antigens that causes the body to make antibodies.  The immune system will develop a memory for these antigens and will rapidly produce antibodies to  protect the body if it is exposed to these antigens at a future time.  Schoolchildren need vaccinations so that they do not get sick from common preventable illnesses and spread these illnesses to others.

9.   respiration (or cellular respiration), aerobic respiration, oxidation

10.  36 ATP (or just ATP), adenosine triphosphate

11.  A full credit response must include the following points:

-- The names of two organelles and the function of each (e.g., the cell membrane allows oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water to enter a cell or a chloroplast uses water and carbon dioxide to make glucose or mitochondria use food and oxygen to release energy)

-- An explanation of how the two organelles work together (e.g., The cell membrane allows carbon dioxide to enter a plant cell to be used by chloroplasts.)

-- The name of an organelle and a human body system that have similar functions (e.g., food vacuole and digestive system or cell membrane and respiratory system or nucleus and nervous system)

A sample correct answer is as follows:

The nucleus is an organelle that contains the genetic information of the cell. The ribosome is an organelle that regulates protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.

(Students should note that referring to the nucleus as being the control center of the cell or the mitochondrion as the powerhouse of the cell will not be accepted as a correct function without a complete explanation of this.)

The genetic information in the nucleus provides a code that determines the sequence of amino acids in cell proteins. The ribosome interprets this code to produce proteins according to the directions of this code.

The cell nucleus and the human brain are similar because both control and coordinate function in the cell and human, respectively.

12.   A vaccine contains dead or weakened pathogens (antigens).    This stimulates the immune system to make antibodies (primary immune response) which provides protection against subsequent invasions of the same antigen (secondary immune response or memory).   Getting vaccinations provide many advantages.   These include the prevention of disease to reduce costs on the health care system, improve the economy by keeping people healthy so they can go to work/school, as well as reducing the excessive use of antibiotics which is leading to the ever increasing problem of antibiotic resistance (ineffectiveness) to many bacterial diseases.