I.    Acids and Bases

Acid -- has a pH less than 7 (neutral) and donates hydrogen ions in solution

Base -- has a pH greater than 7

pH (power of hydrogen) scale

-- Note:  Each jump of one on the pH scale is a power of 10

Some Characteristics of Acids

• Turns blue litmus red
• pH less than 7.0
• Reacts with many metals to form salt and H2 gas
• Taste sour
• Reacts with base to form salt and water (neutralization)
• Able to ionize (split into ions in solution) and conduct electricity
• Contain more H + ion than OH - ion

Some Characteristics of Bases

• Turns red litmus blue
• pH greater than 7.0
• Reacts with acids - neutralization
• Taste bitter
• Feel slippery
• Able to ionize in solution and conduct electricity
• They contain more OH- than H+

Neutralization Rx.

Acid + Base ----> Water + Salt

organic compounds -- compounds containing both carbon and hydrogen

ex.   CH4  (methane),  C6H12O6 (glucose)

inorganic compounds -- lack carbon and/or hydrogen in their structure

ex.   NaCl (table salt),  H2O (water), CO2  (carbon dioxide)

Some Properties of CarbonC6 H12 O6

1.    Able to form covalent bonds in four directions.
2.    Able to form long chains and ring shaped compounds.
3.    Able to bond with itself.

(These reasons are why carbon is able to form so many different compounds.)

Some Properties of Organic Compounds

1.   Have low melting points, so usually exist as gases, liquids or low melting point solids.
2.   Tend to be poor conductors.
3.   Do not dissolve well in water.
4.   Often do dissolve well in each other.   (ex.  mixing of oil in chain saw or mower gas)

molecular formula -- shows the numbers and kinds of atoms in a compound

ex.   C6 H12 O6   (molecular formula for glucose)

structural formula -- shows the shape of a compound as well as the numbers and kinds of atoms
                                   (ex. glucose has a ring shape)

 
 

isomers -- compounds having the same molecular formula, but different structures and properties ex. of two isomers with the formula  C4H10 are at the right

Some Classes of Hydrocarbons

alkanes -- contain single bonds only

[Rule for naming alkanes]

A prefix that specifies the number of carbon atoms in the parent chain is attached to the name ending, -ane.

meth-     1 C
eth-        2 C
prop-     3 C
but-       4 C
pent-     5 C
 

ex.   butane

alkene -- contains at least one double bond (formed by two pairs of shared electrons in its structure ex.  ethene at the right

Naming alkenes follows from naming of alkanes, but we need to specify the position of the double bond and change "ane" to "ene".

alkyne --  contains at least one triple bond (formed by three pairs of shared electrons) in its structure

Naming is the same as with alkenes, but where we know use the suffix yne.

Aromatic Hydrocarbons often have a ring shaped structure.
 
 

ex.  benzene

Functional Groups   -- groups of atoms attached to an organic compound which give it specific properties

Some examples of functional groups .....
 
 

Name of Functional Group	Functional Group	Example of Compound
Alcohol
Organic (carboxylic) Acid
Amine
Ether